作品授權 挑選合適的授權條款 讓世界更能看見你

圖片來源: CC:by-nc betta_design & soapbubble

用善意換取善意—創用CC

創用 CC 提供方便的工具及授權條款,您可輕鬆表達將作品提供他人使用的意願,從「保留所有權利」轉變為更富彈性的「保留部分權利」。當然,您也可以在充分瞭解他人意願後,採用別人提供的作品來充實你的創意!

瞭解詳情...

相對的角度:香港著作權改良

by Mark, September 06, 2010

大家好!我是Mark,我這個夏天在創用CC做實習。我是個普林斯頓大學的四年級的學生,專業是科技政策。所以我很自然地對創用CC產生了興趣。

今年夏天我有個機會去香港。 在香港的時候我跟好幾個人聊到目前數碼著作權改良的過程,辯論出一些重點,我想要分享一下我的觀察。

為了多搜集各種各樣的意見,上個星期一香港政府舉辦了一個公共聽證會。聽證會有專門小組,讓他們表達自己的角度。政府也鼓勵公眾分享見解。創作行業的代表者自然地說政府應該更強地保護著作權,讓ISP(Internet Service Provider 網際網路服務提供者)主動控制聯落網,而ISP代表者回答他們不喜歡侵犯著作權卻沒資源監督。他們擔心新政策會提高作戰費用,無法繼續下去。

最有意思的交鋒是學生和商人之間的。那個學生是維基媒體的志願者。他相信提出的例外未免太微弱了。沒有強的例外就無法發展像創用CC支持的remix/remake。另一方面,國際唱片業協會香港部(IFPI)的總裁認為香政府不要采取太多的例外,要不然網民會有一些有害的習慣。在我看來那兩個人體現爭執的精神。整個會政府安靜地觀察,沒提出自己的想法。

幾天後,我跟IFPI和政府官員開會了,問問他們對改良的過程有什麼看法。IFPI覺得過程很慢,案例通過的時候傷害可能已經太多。政府要很仔細地寫法例,避免輕率的錯誤。2000年香港政府通過了一個批評的法律,讓擁有侵犯的著作就是犯罪。所以因為軟件的執照是地區的,去香港的旅客可以使算是違反法律。為了避免一樣的比理想的結果,香港政府現在要考慮所有的方面,才敢采取新的措施。

現在在香港的討論也是在很多其他的地方。ISP為網上的侵犯著作權有什麼責任?民眾對一些著作的使用有多大的利益?著作權持有人在什麼范圍內有責任保護自己的利益?這樣的問題會很久存在,但是它們現在提出是很可喜的。希望我們通過這樣的討論能更快得到有效的解決方案。


Different Perspectives: Copyright Reform in Hong Kong

Hello everyone! My name is Mark, and I’ve been an intern with CC Taiwan this summer. I go to school at Princeton University and study technology policy, which naturally draws me to the same issues CC Taiwan works on.

This summer I had the chance to travel to Hong Kong. While there, I spoke with several individuals about current efforts to update copyright law to account for digital technology. The debate has brought up a number of important issues, and I’d like to share what I observed.

Last Monday the Hong Kong government organized a public hearing with a panel of experts discussing copyright protection in a digital context, taking comments from members of the public in the audience. A representative from the creative industry naturally believed protections should be much stronger to protect the industry, requiring ISPs to do more to prevent infringement, whereas an ISP representative didn’t like copyright infringement but was worried additional requirements will drastically raise operating costs.

The most interesting exchange I noticed at the meeting was between a young student and a businessman. The student, a volunteer with Wikimedia, believed that proposed exemptions for use of copyrighted material were too narrow, not allowing for parody and the remix/recreation that Creative Commons encourages. In response, the CEO of the International Federation for the Photographic Industry (IFPI) in Hong Kong said that the government shouldn’t provide too many exceptions, or else users will get accustomed to using copyright content in ways that harm copyright holders commercially. In many ways they illustrated the deep divide lawmakers are trying to cross while writing legislation. Throughout this whole meeting, the government acted as an observer, trying to collect a complete view of the different nuances of the debate.

Later in the week I spoke with both IFPI and government officials, asking their viewpoints on how the reform process is moving. IFPI feels the process is taking too long, and that by the time legislation is passed the economic damage will be too much. The government wants caution so it doesn’t pass flawed legislation as it has previously. In 2000, the Hong Kong government passed a bill a widely-criticized bill that made possession of infringing works a criminal offense, which would apply to any traveler with an electronic device containing software. To prevent similar public backlash, the government wants to make sure that they hear all possible feedback and think of all scenarios before passing any legislation.

The debate in Hong Kong is playing out across countless jurisdictions around the world. To what extent are ISPs responsible for infringement that happens on their networks? How big is the public interest in otherwise “infringing” uses of copyrighted works? How much should copyright holders be held responsible for protecting their own content and adjusting with the market? These questions will remain for the foreseeable future, but it’s important is that they are being raised and debated between different sides. Hopefully this exchanges leads us sooner to a workable solution.

內容與社群

by 莊庭瑞 (trc), September 02, 2010

Content and Community

幾月前我寫到內容存放服務網站 (content hosting services) 的「服務條款」(Terms of Service; ToS)。我以 Flickr(雅虎的網路相簿服務)為例,認為我們該注意這類服務條款的細節。雅虎的服務條款中的某些條文,讓在 Flickr 上分享以創用CC授權的照片,變得有些困難。(Flickr 允許使用者在它的網站上標示上傳的照片採用創用CC授權;我所要強調的是它的服務條款所帶來的限制。)在這裡我想再以 Flickr 為例,說明內容匯集的價值,以及 Flickr 這類內容存放服務網站如何以內容匯集為槓桿,充分發揮它的效用。先說一聲,我並不是跟 Flickr 過不去。其他的內容存放服務網站的作法,也是以自身的利益為重,以下還會舉一些別的例子。

今年6月16日 Flickr 宣佈延續和 Getty Images 這家知名影像代理商的合作方案。兩年前 Flickr 和 Getty Images 宣佈一項合作方案,在使用者個別同意的前提上,讓 Getty Images 可以挑選這些使用者的照片收錄到「Flickr 選集」,也代理這些照片的授權使用。兩年來 Getty Images 從 Flickr 網站上估計已選取了約 100,000 張具授權價值的照片到這個選集。現在,如果你是 Flickr 的使用者,Flickr 與 Getty Images 的新方案讓你也可以自己就放一個「請求授權」的按鈕,在你的每一張照片下面。如果有人想請求授權使用你的照片,他就可以用這個按紐和 Getty Images 聯繫。Getty Images 然後會替你來談這筆授權生意。

這意味著 Getty Images 或許不用在 Flickr 網站裡東找西找可以拿來授權的照片。這些「請求授權」的按鈕直接將你的照片連接到想要授權使用的人的手裡。注意的是,所有這些授權生意還是得由 Getty Images 來談;這些「請求授權」的按鈕會呼叫 Getty Images,而不是呼叫你。此外,在你加上這些「請求授權」的按鈕到你的所有照片之前,你必須先同意由 Getty Images 獨家代理你在 Flickr 上照片的授權使用。至於這種獨家生意的三方安排(Flickr 和 Getty Images 是獨家生意;Getty Images 和你也是獨家生意)是否真有必要倒是可以辯論

至於你已放在 Flickr 上的創用CC授權照片呢?如果你加入 Getty Images 的方案,這些照片怎麼辦?這真是個好問題!根據 Getty Images 的常見問答集,「…如果我們選到的照片,你已用創用CC條款釋出,那麼它在 Flickr 上的標示,將自動轉為所有權利保留,而且從那時候開始,你必須遵守獨家代理上的義務…」。Flickr 的常見問答集也強調,「…只要你投件,照片在 Flickr 上的授權資訊將自動轉為所有權利保留」。我想 Flickr 和 Getty Images 這樣作,對已採用創用CC授權的照片來說,是不對的。

因為創用CC授權是不可撤回的(3.),所以這樣作是不對的。如果某張照片我已採用創用CC授權條款(舉例說,「姓名標示—非商業性」)授權給公眾使用,那在這張照片進入公共領域之前,這項授權都是有效的。我當然可以用其他的條件將這張照片再授權給別人使用(也就是說對這張照片作「雙重授權」),但任何人只要遵守創用CC「姓名標示—非商業性」授權條款的約定,依舊可以繼續使用這張照片。當然 Flickr 和 Getty Images 可以提出方案,來代理我依然保留的權利(例如,我以「姓名標示—非商業性」方式釋出的照片,在商業使用上的權利);不過它們可不能把已採用創用CC授權的照片回復到「所有權利保留」。如果我真的加入 Getty Images 的方案,Flickr 也應該持續保留我採用創用CC授權照片上的CC授權資訊。系統性地把創用CC授權的照片重新標示為「所有權利保留」,對這些照片過去以及未來可能的使用者來說,更是不友善。把這些照片的CC授權資訊抹去,只會製造困擾。基於以上理由,我是不會考慮加入 Getty Images 的方案的。

Flickr 網站上匯集了眾多、多樣的使用者照片集。Flickr 以匯集的照片為槓桿,和 Getty Images 談合作方案。匯集在 Flickr 網站上不只是照片,而是各類的影像創作者與使用者。Flickr 以這些匯集為基礎,更有談生意的本錢:它可以幫 Getty Images 串起被授權人和授權人之間的連結。也因為這樣,Flickr 在網站上加了「請求授權」的新功能。也因為 Flickr 是唯一可以全面取用匯集在它網站上的照片與使用者資訊,這樣的優勢地位讓它可以決定要談哪些合作方案,這些方案要採用何種架構,以及因此要在網站上製作哪些新功能。換個角度看,Flickr 的 Getty Images 方案需要使用者表態同意 (opt-in) 才能加入;我若不喜歡這個方案,不加入不就好了?不過問題還是在於 Flickr 以及它的合作夥伴,能否以我可以認同的方式來製作它們的方案。Getty Images 方案若是用 CC+ 來製作,那是再好不過的(CC+ 是搭配創用CC授權條款的一種協定,透過 CC+ 使用者可以取得進一步授權所需要的資訊)。不過這不是由我來作決定的;而我所能作的決定只是:拒絕 Flickr 所提出的方案。

Flickr 的作法可以說是照顧自己多於照顧使用者。這並不算特殊,其他內容存放服務業者也是這樣。我注意到7月8日有一則消息,社群網路的大咖 Facebook 買下 Nextstop 這家小公司。Nextstop 是一個受歡迎的旅遊網站,結合社群網站與旅遊景點推薦的系統。因為被收購了,這家網站就決定在9月1日關站。不過它提供了一項匯出工具,讓使用者可以匯出自己的資料保存。雖然個別使用者存放在這個社群旅遊網站上的內容可以各自保存,但整個社群是不復存在了。在被收購的當時,原本這個網站的所有者還打算將整個網站的內容以創用CC授權條款釋出,不過後來也放棄了這個規畫。


A few months ago I wrote about the Terms of Service (ToS) offered by content hosting services. I used Flickr, which is part of Yahoo!, as an example for being careful about the details in the ToS. The Yahoo! Terms of Service actually includes clauses that make it difficult to share CC-licensed photos on Flickr. (It goes without saying that Flickr does allow users to mark their photos as CC-licensed at its site; I was talking certain restrictions that come with the site's ToS). Here I wish to use Flickr again in order to illustrate the value of content aggregation, and to show how content hosting services like Flickr can leverage upon such aggregations. It is not my intention to pick on Flickr. Other content hosting services act for their own benefits as well, as will be shown later in this post.

On June 16 this year, Flickr extended a deal with Getty Images, a well known stock photo agency. About two years ago, Flickr and Getty Images announced a program in which, based on individual agreements with Flickr users, Getty Images can select a user's photos into its Flickr Collection and act as the user's agent in licensing the user's photos to others. It is estimated Getty Images has added around 100,000 images to this collection by going over the Flickr site looking for licensable images. Flickr's new deal with Getty Images will allow you, a Flickr user, to add a "Request to License" button by yourself to each of your Flickr photos. Now if someone wants to license one of your photos, he or she can use the button to contact Getty Images. Getty Images will then broker a licensing deal for you.

This means that Getty Images may not need to trawl the Flickr site for licensable images anymore. The "Request to License" buttons connect your photos to people who may want to license them from you. Note that all licensing deals still have to go through Getty Images as the button only informs Getty Images, not you, when it is clicked. Before the "Request to License" button will appear beneath all your photos (you cannot opt out some of them), you must first agree to license your Flickr photos exclusively via Getty Images. Whether this three-way exclusive arrangement (between Flickr and Getty Images, and between Getty Images and Flickr users) is really necessary, of course, is debatable.

What about the photos you already released under CC licenses on Flickr? What happen to them if you join the Getty Images program? Good question! According to Getty Images' FAQ, "... if we do select an image that is available under a Creative Commons license, it will automatically be changed to All Rights Reserved on Flickr and from then on you must observe the exclusivity obligations ...". Flickr's FAQ on Getty Images also emphasizes, "... if you proceed with your submission, switching your license to All Rights Reserved (on Flickr) will happen automatically". I do not think what Flickr and Getty Images are doing is right for CC-licensed photos.

It is not right because Creative Commons licenses are irrevocable (3.). If I release a photo under a specific CC license, say CC BY-NC, it remains so until it goes into the public domain. I can license the same photo to others under other terms (i.e., "dual-licensing" the photo), but everyone can continue to use the photo under the terms of the CC BY-NC license. Surely Flickr and Getty Images can propose to manage the rights I still reserve on my photos (e.g., commercial use of my CC BY-NC licensed photos); what they cannot do is to reverse any CC-licensed photo back to "All Rights Reserved". Flickr should just mark my CC-licensed photos as such, even if I joined Getty Images' program, and the "Request to License" buttons were added all over to my photos. For people who have copied and reused CC-licensed photos from Flickr, the act of systematic re-marking these photos as "All Rights Reserved" is even more unfriendly to these and other potential users. By erasing the photos' CC-license information, it can certainly cause confusion. For the reasons stated above, I will not consider joining Getty Images' program.

Huge and diverse sets of user photos aggregate at Flickr's site. Flickr leverages on this aggregation and makes deals with Getty Images. The fact that various image creators and users gather at its site puts Flickr in an even better position to make deals: Flickr can connect for Getty Images the licensees with the licensors. For this, Flickr adds the "Request to License" functionality to its site. As Flickr is the only one who has full access to this aggregation of contents and users, it is in the best position to decide on which deals to make, how to structure the deals, hence what functionalities to add to its site. To be fair, a Flicker user must opt in to join the Getty Images program. Why am I complaining? I can just stay put and stay out of it if I don't like it. The question remains, however, on whether Flickr and its partners will implement programs that I can like. It will be great if the Getty Images program is implemented by using CC+, a protocol for users to ask for rights beyond those already granted by a CC license. But the decision is not for me to make, and all I can do is to decline what Flickr has to offer.

Flickr is not alone in acting more for its own benefits than for its users. Other content hosting services do the same. I noticed that on July 8 it was announced that the social networks giant Facebook had acquired Nextstop, a start-up operating a popular travel site mixing social networks and recommendation systems. As a result, the site will be shutting down on September 1; its users are offered an export tool to save their data. Although individual contributions to the social travel site can be exported, the community is gone. Originally it was planned to release the entire content at the site under a Creative Commons license. But the plan has since been abandoned.

SoundCloud: 充分支援創用CC授權的音樂交流平台

by Polley Wong, August 17, 2010

SoundCloud 是個媒體分享平台。它允許使用者透過網路介面輕易且快速地傳遞、發表及下載藝術家、唱片製作公司及專業音樂家的音樂。SoundCloud 靠著它社群導向的分享介面、點閱與討論的統計機制、允許發表音樂者使用創用CC授權標示其作品,及即陸續出爐的各種好用功能於2010年約五月達到一百萬名註冊用戶。

SoundCloud 於今年八月中發表了一篇 文章 (Find, Remix and Reuse–SoundCloud Style) 提到他們進階搜尋中,開放了可讓使用者以創用CC授權作為搜尋條件。
SoundCloud 中介紹創用CC的網頁中(雖然是英文但)非常清楚地介紹者創用CC授權標章及其所代表的涵義,引導使用者發掘多一個發佈作品授權選項。


上傳音樂時,SoundCloud提供了音樂發佈者一個相當簡單好懂的選取創用CC授權介面:


除了搜尋和音樂上傳的介面上增加了創用CC的選項之外,聆聽音樂的介面也加入了小小的創用CC授權的標章圖示:


SoundCloud 技術上,深度使用了Dropbox來當成音樂傳遞的媒介,筆者使用起來蠻順的。但道德上可猜想其中也或許會一些盜版疑慮,延續早幾年的P2P檔案分享議題。但SoundCloud似乎搭上了確定的趨勢,即這個資訊共享和個人發佈的潮流,讓各種地上地下的藝術家齊聚ㄧ堂,連嘻哈音樂大佬Snoop Dogg都大力擁抱SoundCloud,成為它們的註冊者。再加上SoundCloud把藝術創作自由的理念鮮明呈現在眾人面前,讓許多愛好自由的年輕藝術創作者將其與Flickr和Vimeo齊名為多媒體發佈的完美平台。不知這樣的平台,是否能在台灣的使用者中有同等的需求與受歡迎程度。你們覺得呢?寄信來 contact@creativecommons.org.tw 表達你的看法吧!

CC發布標示公共領域的新工具- Public Domain Mark

by Peitta Wang, August 16, 2010

         在今年八月六日,於Diane Peters所寫的CC部落格文章Marking and Tagging the Public Domain: An Invitation to Comment一文中,發布新的工具Public Domain Mark(以下簡稱PDM)。此PDM工具是美國CC在發布CC0時所開發的第二種有關標示公共領域的工具。PDM工具不同於過去所發布的CC0v1.0,它不是一種授權,也不是著作人拋棄著作權的法律宣告。加入PDM這個標示,並不會改變著作本身的法律狀態。它只是一種「標示」著作權已存續期間屆滿,進入公共領域狀態的「工具」與「資訊」。因此PDM的標示可以讓人們輕易地加入標籤(tag)、並且找到已經在公共領域的著作。另外,PDM跟創用CC授權條款(Creative Commons Licenses)以及CC0相同的地方在於PDM是一種後設資料支援、且機器可讀的工具,因此它可以讓著作在網路中更簡單地被搜尋。 

        美國CC同時也根據使用者社群的意見,發布了一份自願性規則-「一般目的規範(general purpose norms)」,此規則表達出這些已進入公共領域著作的提供者(providers)與管理或館藏者(curators)可能會期待使用者遵循的一些使用規則,其中包括一、前言:目的(purpose)、使用(use)、無拘束力(Non Binding);二、內容:0.於適當處標示姓名(Give credit where credit is due.)、1.提供原始來源資訊(Provide original source information.)、2.表示對於原始著作之尊重(Show respect for the original work.)、3.保存公共領域的標示(Preserve public domain marks and notices.)、4.保護作者與提供者的名譽(Protect the reputation of authors and providers.)、5.貢獻與回饋(Contribute discoveries back.)、6.分享知識(Share knowledge.)、7.擴大著作潛力(Maximize a work's potential.)、8.支援並努力豐富公共領域(Support efforts to enrich the public domain.)。 

        此外,Diane也提到美國CC歡迎大家在cc-licenses mailing list上提出任何建議,此次的公開預覽階段將於8月18日下星期三結束,時間很短,請大家把握機會上cc-licenses mailing list發言﹗

「自由文化研究」專題--論文摘要徵求 (2010/9/1前有效)

by 周文茵, July 26, 2010
一年一度的台灣資訊社會研究學會年會暨學術研討會即將召開,今年台灣創用CC計畫與此研討會合作開闢--「自由文化研究」專題,9月1日前進行論文摘要(1,000字內)徵求。對自由文化議題有興趣的朋友們,敬請把握機會投稿。(投稿類別請記得標明:「自由文化研究」專題)

*  專題主旨:
資訊科技與社會網絡的發達讓文化成品的複製散布更加便利,但同時法律規範與商業邏輯卻又限制文化成品在流通衍生上的可能。「自由文化」(Free Culture)的呼聲與討論,在學術與公眾領域逐漸獲得重視。然而自由文化的自由脈絡與文化情境,究竟為何?自由文化有哪些面向,何種可能?

本專題籌組的目地即在於提供一個場域,分享眾人對於自由文化的瞭解與想像、發現與分享、批評與沈思。自 由文化的議題建構需要來自不同領域的參與,希望藉著本專題的徵稿,促使不同學科的學者與實務工作者產生對話與討論,挑戰並 型塑自由文化的研究議題與可能。論文及海報徵稿內容以研究實踐、經驗交流為重,鼓勵研究者、研究生就資訊時代的自由文化議題,發表獨特的看法與實證經驗。
*  相關時程:
摘要截稿時間:民國99年9月1日(摘要:1,000字內,類別請務必註明:「自由文化研究」專題)
摘要審查結果通知:民國99年9月15日(得知是否錄取)
摘要全文繳交截止日期:民國99年10月1日
公布審查結果、寄發錄取通知:民國99年10月15日(得知是會議論文or壁報論文)
會議時間:99年11月13日 (六) / 會議地點:交通大學
  論文投稿格式:2010paper_format
*  學生論文競賽總獎:優勝一名6000元,佳作二名2000元。
*  聯繫窗口
台灣資訊社會研究學會秘書:葛先生
連絡信箱:s986606@mail.yzu.edu.tw
聯絡電話:03-463-8800 #2769
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